Analysis of Variations in Biomolecules during Various Growth Phases of Freshwater Microalgae Chlorella sp.

Background and Objective: Because of the presence of compounds with pharmacological effects crucial to human health, Chlorella is one of the most researched microalgae. For the targeted extraction of particular chemicals, it is crucial to evaluate these changes during the various growth phases, as the diversity of biomolecules in the cell changes with growth.  Material and Methods: Chlorella sp. was isolated from a freshwater pond, and three different solvent solutions were used to phytoextract biomass taken at three different growth phases (Log phase, Early stationary phase, and Late stationary phase) (Ethanol, Methanol, and Acetone). Extracts from various growth phases were subjected to qualitative analysis (antioxidant activity), quantitative analyses (total phenolic and flavonoid content), and fatty acid analyses. Results and Conclusion: Total flavonoid concentration was highest during the late stationary growth phase as opposed to the early growth stages. In contrast, total phenolic content was highest in the log phase. Different growth phases differed in the number and quantity of biological components present, according to a GC-MS study of extracts. Compared to the late stationary phase, the early growth phases of the algae showed higher levels of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, according to the fatty acid profile. The results show that the quantity and nature of phytoconstituents in the extract changed with the solvent system and were time-dependent. Positive correlations between the total phenolic content and polyunsaturated fatty acids and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay demonstrate that the quantity and type of phytoconstituents depend on the stages of algal growth. The potential of Chlorella sp. for commercial use would be further increased by additional studies of the variables impacting the individual fatty acids and entire fatty acids profiles during the specific growth phases

The influence of hot melt subcoat and Polymer coat combination on highly water soluble sustained release multiparticulate formulation

The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize oral controlled-release formulations for highly water soluble model drug Venlafaxine hydrochlorid using a combination of hot-melt subcoating s based coating polymerand aqueous polymer coating. Hot melt subcoating was achieved by centrifugal granulator. For the polymer coating, Acrylate-based (Eudragit RS 30D and Eudragit NE 30D), were used. Furthermore polymer coating, the pellets were evaluated with respect to their ability to modulate the in-vitro release of a highly water soluble compound. By using hot melt subcoating, the polymer coating level of pellets was reduced by half to obtain sustained release profile. In this study, the release profile of pellets was found to be optimum at a 4% level of hot melt subcoating and 15 % level of Eudragit® NE30D polymer coating combination, consequently meeting the desired responses. The release profile of the pellets prepared by this technique satisfied the first order plot with (R sq =0.9434) indicating the release of water soluble drug from porous matrices. By means of this hot-melt subcoating and polymer coating combination, sustained-release pellets containing venlafaxine hydrochloride were successfully prepared

Formulation and Multivariate optimization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Pellets of highly water soluble drug

Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)  pellets containing highly water soluble compound A was formulated with highestpellet usable yield of 86%, aspect sphericity that is (aspect ratio less than1.1 and roundness greater than 0.85), minimum friability of 0.33% by extrusionand Spheronization technique. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was executed to estimate the effect of formulation and processvariable namely water (21-41%), spheronization time (1-9 min) andSpheronization speed (200-800) to maximize responses i.e, usable yield, Sphericityaspect ratio and roundness. Least square regression analysis using responsesurface methodology permit the identification and optimization of variablesthat shows significant effect on selected responses. Polynomial model fitted tothe data were used to predict the responses in the desired value. A generalizeddesirability function is used to get maximum achievable target for responses.The optimum values for variables were water 31%, Spheronization Time of 5 minand Spheronization speed of 500 rpm. These results confirmed the usefulness of Multivariateanalysis to identify the critical variables and their interactions on thecharacteristics of pelletizatio

Body image perception, eating attitude and influence of media among undergraduate students of medical college in Delhi: a cross sectional study

Background: Body image perception is being shaped by unrealistic ideals portrayed in the media. Body dissatisfaction is one of the most consistent and robust risk factors for eating disorders, low self-esteem, depression, and obesity. Therefore, the objective of the current study is to ascertain the body image perception, abnormal eating attitudes and the role of media among undergraduate students of a medical college in Delhi, India.Methods: Cross-sectional study on 370 undergraduate medical students of Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India selected using stratified random sampling. India. Students completed a self-administered questionnaire which consist of demographic information, perceived body image, Eating Attitudes test (EAT-26) to assess eating attitudes, Socio Cultural Attitude Towards Appearance Questionnaire 3(SATAQ-3) scale for the role of media on body image perception. Data was analyzed using SPSS v21.Results: A total of 370 students (57.6% males and 42.4% females) aged 17-30 years, mean age of 20.30 years±2.02(SD). Abnormal body image perception was seen in 35.4%, 21.1% had abnormal eating attitude (EAT-26≥20), 36.5%, 40.5% agreed to be influenced by models and athletic figures in media respectively, 42.2% accepted that media was their source of information regarding standards of attractiveness, 27.6% felt pressured to be attractive according to SATAQ-3. Males more than females had disordered eating attitudes and felt media pressure to achieve an ideal body image. Significant association was observed between age and perceived body image (p=0.033), gender and EAT-26 score (p=0.039), EAT 26 and perceived body image (p=0.006), general internalization of media and perceived body image (p=0.003), internalization-general, internalization-athlete, media as source of information and EAT-26 score (<0.001, 0.001, 0.003 respectively).Conclusions: The media should take more responsibility to not represent unrealistic ideals of body image concerning both males and females. Educational and preventive efforts at institutional levels should be made to promote a healthy body image and eating behaviours

EMULGEL: A NEW APPROACH FOR ENHANCED TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY

Emulgel is used to treat aches and pains caused by colds, headaches, muscle aches, backaches, arthritis and other conditions and injuries. The patient adherence to topical formulations is significant in relation to chronic skin diseases, like fungal infections, acne, psoriasis. Emulgel is one of the recent technology in NDDS used topically having characteristics of dual control release i.e. emulsion as well as gel. Emulgels have emerged as one of the most interesting topical delivery systems as it has dual release control system i.e. gel and emulsion. When gel and emulsion are used in combined form, the dosage form are referred as emulgel

Impact of early intervention of speech and language therapy among hearing impaired child

Background: Hearing impairment is a factor that directly compromises the individual’s language which can affect emotional and academic defects by delayed development of communicative ability. This can vary according to the type and degree of hearing loss. Speech therapy intervention is important, along with the use of sound amplification devices, so that the child may have a chance to develop speech, consequently learning and re-habilitation to the society. Aims of the present study was performed to assess the effectiveness of early intervention of speech and language therapy after use of hearing aids to hearing impaired children on their syntactic and lexical development.Methods: This quasi-experimental study conducted on 100 children having different degree of hearing loss at department of Neurology and department of ENT, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. After collecting socio-demographic data of subjects by observation, completion of questionnaires, and speech recording by audiologist; Speech and language therapy provide by audiologist for six month after providing hearing aids and improvement in their syntactic and lexical development recorded.Results: There is significant improvement in verbal response from 14% before therapy to 81% after therapy and non-verbal response before therapy was 86% and after therapy was 19%. Before giving speech and language therapy to subjects pointing score was 24%, sign language was 10% and words response was 0% which increases after therapy were 1%, 2% and 39% respectively. Early identified/intervened hearing-impaired children had a notable positive difference in all assessed lingual gains.Conclusions: This is study results definitely point to positive effects of intensive and continuous application of speech and language therapy to syntactic and lexical development of hearing impaired children

Molecular Cloning of Phytase Gene from Bacillus subtilis NCIM-2712

Phytases are enzymes which hydrolyze phytate. Bacillus species are known to produce a thermostable phytase. The Bacillus subtilis strain NCIM-2712 was chosen for cloning of phy gene. Primers were designed for phy gene amplification using the phy gene sequence of B. subtilis (AF298179). A sequence of 1059 bp characteristic of phy gene was obtained on PCR amplification. This gene was cloned into InsT/A cloning vector and the positive clones were confirmed by colony PCR with gene specific primers and restriction digestion. Phytase is a promising candidate for feed applications. The cloned gene obtained in this study will have potential for producing recombinant enzyme, which would enhance the feed quality for poultry and piggery by supplementing it in their diets